Dr. Sunil Herat is a senior
lecturer in Griffith University's School of Engineering and associate
editor of Waste Management & Research.
Credit: Griffith University
In the life of almost every household appliance, there comes that moment of out with the old and in with the new.
However, while electrical and electronic equipment have never been
more efficient, economical or in demand, consumers' desire to own the
best and the latest is contributing to an environmental issue of
increasing seriousness and concern.
"E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in developing,
emerging and developed regions and it covers all electrical and
electronic equipment and parts discarded by consumers," says Dr Sunil
Herat, Associate Editor of the journal Waste Management & Research and a Senior Lecturer in the School of Engineering at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia.
"According to figures published in the Global E-waste Monitor 2014
and compiled by the United Nations University, last year an estimated
41.8 million metric tonnes of e-waste was discarded throughout the
world.
"This comprised mostly end-of-life kitchen, laundry and bathroom
equipment such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers,
although mobile phones, computers and printers also featured.
"That figure is estimated to rise by almost 20 per cent to 50 million
metric tonnes in 2018, which is why waste management practitioners are
seeking new technologies and approaches to deal with e-waste."
Dr Herat will discuss e-waste when he addresses the Sixth Regional 3R
Forum in Asia and the Pacific, organised by the United Nations Centre
for Regional Development and to be held in the Maldives from August
16-19.
He says that while the emphasis so far has been on end-of-life IT
equipment such as computers and mobile phones, a focus on a broader
spectrum of household e-waste is required if its growth is to be slowed.
A recent study commissioned by the Australia and New Zealand
Recycling Platform and conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit
found that Australia generates one of the highest per capita volumes of
e-waste in the world. Of 19.71kg per person per year, almost 30 per cent
comes from digital and audio-visual items.
The study also showed that growing incorporation of smart technology
into common household items is regarded as the main cause of increases
in the global e-waste streams from homes.
"This gives rise to important issues such as how we prepare for the
growth in household e-wastes; whether existing take-back programs --
which currently exist in only a few countries -- are sufficient to
handle new demands; and whether regulations are sufficient to ensure
small household e-waste items are not mixed with residual waste contents
in traditional household bins," says Dr Herat.
"Furthermore, the sheer range of household electrical and electronics
items these days brings with it the use of rare earths and precious
metals within circuits and chips, all of which can increase subsequent
waste management challenges when items become obsolete and are
discarded."
Dr Herat says there are significant benefits from expanding the
coverage of e-waste products beyond the traditional computers, mobile
phones and televisions. These include more efficient recycling and
material recovery processes and the encouraging of private sector
investment in recycling and recovery technologies.
"Crucially, e-waste policies must have a consumer focus, particularly regarding small e-waste items," he says.
"In Finland, for example, the government encourages recycling of
small household e-waste items by treating them differently from large
items. In Japan, consumers do not have to pay the recycling fee for
small household items. In the Netherlands, a "pay-as-you-throw" system
has seen a significant reduction in small household e-waste items
occurring in household waste streams.
"Also, a unit-based recycling target is preferable to a weight-based
target because the latter may result in greater incentive to recycle
only large household items."
However, the biggest challenge facing e-waste policy makers is in developing countries.
"Most developing countries do not practise waste segregation at the source," says Dr Herat.
"This means that municipal solid waste can contain up to 3 per cent
hazardous wastes, including e-waste. This can increase concentrations of
heavy metals in leachate and contribute to environmental pollution.
"Governments can also struggle to collect funds from producers or
imports if goods are smuggled in, or if small, shop-assembled products
enjoy a large share of the market.
"A further challenge arises from systems that create incentives for
collectors and recyclers to seek extra subsidies by exaggerating the
amount of e-waste they collect. Competition between the formal and
informal recycling sector is another impediment."
Despite such issues, Dr Herat says change is essential and inevitable.
"What is certain is that the e-waste management landscape is about to
transform its traditional focus on computers and mobile phones to a
broader range of more sophisticated household e-waste items," he says.
"With the exception of a few countries, most of us are about to face the reality of this latest challenge."
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from
materials provided by
Griffith University.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.